Method for carrying out the premium-based recomendation of content objects that can be downloaded to a mobile terminal

ABSTRACT

A method for carrying out the premium-based recommendation of content objects that can be downloaded to a mobile terminal includes the following steps: transmitting a first content object DRMC from a content provider IA to a first terminal EG A; transmitting a first rights object RO A from a rights provider RA to the first terminal; transmitting the content object DRMC*, together with an identification of the first terminal, from the first terminal to the second terminal EG B, and; requesting a second rights object RO B from the rights provider RA via the second terminal EG B, whereby the second rights object RO B permits the second terminal EG B to use the content object. In addition, the identification of the first terminal EG A is conveyed to the rights provider RA, and the rights provider can subsequently assign a premium to the first terminal EG A.

The present invention relates to a method for the premium-basedrecommendation of content objects that can be downloaded to a mobileradio terminal.

A method of said kind can be used, inter alia, in a mobile radioterminal.

A method by means of which digital content can be protected againstaccesses by unauthorized users and authorized users can be grantedprecisely defined rights for using said content is currently beingspecified by the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA). Said method is referred toas “Digital Rights Management” (DRM).

To date, three different rights management methods have been defined andpublished by the Open Mobile Alliance. The three specified methods areknown as “forward lock”, “combined delivery” and “separate delivery”:

With “forward lock”, the media element(s) is (are) packaged into a newdata type which contains certain items of signaling information inaddition to the media elements. Linked with the data type newly definedtherein (“application/oma.drm.message”) is the restriction that theobjects contained therein are not forwarded, not stored in the filesystem as freely accessible objects and may not be modified. Specialhandling of the objects of said type is therefore required by a terminaldevice.

With “combined delivery”, the media elements are packaged into the samedata type as in the case of the “forward lock” method. However, alsocontained therein in addition is a rights description by means of whichfurther restrictions in relation to the use of the digital media objectscan be specified. Examples thereof are the restriction on the usagetime, usage frequency or usage type (e.g. “do not print”).

With “separate delivery”, the media objects are packaged in encryptedform into a further newly defined data type(“application/oma.drm.content”), referred to in the following as a DRMC(“Digital Rights Management Container”), which in turn containssignaling information. The encryption enables the content to beprotected against unauthorized use, even if it is handled by anapplication without specific DRM functionality and is stored in thefreely accessible storage area of a terminal device. In addition, arights object (RO) is transmitted to the recipient via a secure channel.In textual coding this is the data type known as“application/vnd.oma.drm.rights+xml”, and in binary coding the typeknown as “application/vnd.oma.drm.rights+wbxml”.

The rights object (RO) plays a central role in the two methods “combineddelivery” and “separate delivery”. Said object contains the informationconcerning the rights linked to a content object (the rightsdescription) and, when the “separate delivery” method is used, also thekey for decrypting the encrypted content object in the DRMC.

The definition of the rights object is provided by the specificationOMA-Download-DRMREL-v1_(—)0-20020913-C in conjunction with an XML DTD(extensible Markup Language Document Type Definition) which can bedownloaded from http://www.openmobilealliance.org/docs/drmrello.dtd.Certain rights and constraints are contained in the current version ofthe definition for a rights object. The rights include:

-   -   “Play” (for audio-visual content),    -   “Display” (for visual content (images, video)),    -   “Execute” (for executable programs) and    -   “Print” (for producing a material copy of content such as e.g.        images, texts or graphics).

With the “separate delivery” method, the content object (the mediaobject requiring protection) is contained in the DRMC. FIG. 1 shows areferencing of a content object from within a rights object in the“separate delivery” method. The DRMC has two components: on the one handthe encrypted content object (IO) and on the other hand a header partcontaining control information and a description of the content object.The control information includes a reference (“rights issuer”) to therights provider (RA), which reference can be used by the terminal deviceto obtain further rights for the content object, and a unique reference,referred to as the “Content Uniform Resource Identifier” (CURI), whichserves for referencing the content object from within the rights object(RO). Said reference (in the form of a URI) is used in the rights objectas a reference for representing the connection between rights object andcontent object.

The separation of the content from the rights has conceptual advantages.As a result of the encryption of the content object in the DRMC, thecontent object can only be accessed by using the matching key. The DRMCis consequently rendered worthless as long as no matching key isavailable to an owner of the container. The DRMC can therefore behandled arbitrarily like another file. It can be copied and it is alsopossible and permitted to transfer or also to copy the DRMC from oneterminal device (of user A) to another terminal device (of user B). Thisoperation is referred to as “superdistribution”. The receiving user B ofa DRMC can obtain access to the content object in the DRMC if he or sheuses the reference to a resource of the rights provider (right issuer).A DRMC send operation can execute as follows:

The terminal device of the receiving user B receives a DRMC from theterminal device of user A. User B then decides to purchase matchingrights for the content object contained in the DRMC. Next, user Baccesses the rights provider resource which is encoded in the DRMC withthe header field “rights issuer”. The rights provider thereupon offersuser B a matching rights object for purchase. User B accepts the offer,buys a rights object and in the latter receives the key for decryptingthe content object.

By means of this method an exchange of content objects between users ismade possible, with the value added potential being preserved for therights provider. The latter can charge a fee once again for thedownloading of a rights object by user B, e.g. in an identical manner tothe first downloading of a DRMC with associated rights object by user A.

It is in the interest of a provider of content objects here that asatisfied user A should recommend a downloaded content object to anotheruser B and thereby create the basis for an additional sale of a matchingrights object. In order to encourage the above described behavior ofuser A, which is desired by the provider of the content object, it isdesirable to offer user A a bonus (premium) which the provider of thecontent object will grant user A upon a successful recommendation.

However, with the DRMC send operation described this is only possible toa limited extent in that a rights provider integrates into the DRMC areference (header field “rights issuer”) that is uniquely assigned tothe first receiving user A. A download operation subsequently initiatedby user B using said reference for a rights object would allow therights provider to trace back the recommendation to user A. Thedescribed operation does, however, have the disadvantage that a DRMCcannot be assigned dynamically to different users and premiums. Multipleforwarding by different users, each having a new and individual premiumdescription and concession, is therefore not possible.

The object underlying the present invention is therefore to provide amethod for the premium-based recommendation of content objects that canbe downloaded to a mobile radio terminal. The method enables informationindicating that a download operation of a user B was motivated by therecommendation of the content object by a user A to be communicated tothe provider of the content object so that said provider can grant therecommending user A a premium, while at the same time it is to bepossible to assign a premium offer dynamically to the first recipient ofa content object and also to each further recipient.

This object is achieved by a method for the premium-based recommendationof content objects that can be downloaded to a mobile radio terminalhaving the features recited in claim 1 and a mobile radio terminalhaving the features recited in claim 14.

The method according to the invention for the premium-basedrecommendation of content objects that can be downloaded to a mobileradio terminal comprises the method steps:

-   -   send a first content object from a content provider to a first        terminal device;    -   send a first rights object from a rights provider to the first        terminal device;    -   send the content object together with an identification of the        first terminal device from the first terminal device to the        second terminal device; and    -   request a second rights object from the rights provider by the        second terminal device, with the second rights object enabling        the second terminal device to use the content object, and with        the identification of the first terminal device being        communicated to the rights provider and the latter thereupon        being able to assign a premium to the first terminal device.

The content objects can be any type of data that can be received in amobile radio terminal, such as, for example, image, music or videofiles. The content objects are preferably contained in a “Digital RightsManagement Container”—DRMC, as described in the foregoing in connectionwith FIG. 1. In this case the DRMC containing the content object istransmitted. The content provider or, as the case may be, rightsprovider may be one and the same provider. In practice this will be thenetwork provider in the majority of cases. The terminal devices can beany type of mobile radio terminals.

In a development of the present invention a reference to the rightsprovider is transmitted in addition together with the content object tothe second terminal device. Said reference is preferably contained in aDRMC. By means of this reference the second terminal device knows fromwhom it can request the second rights object.

In order to avoid misuse and to be able to control access to the contentobject, in a preferred embodiment the supplemented identification forthe first terminal device or the reference to the rights provider withintegrated identification for the first terminal device is signed usinga private key of the first terminal device.

In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the firstterminal device signs the identification received from the rightsprovider in the rights object using its private key and integrates thesignature into the data container or, as the case may be, the contentobject. The second terminal device integrates the signature togetherwith the identification for the first terminal device into the requestfor a new rights object and transmits it to the rights provider. Therights provider verifies the authenticity of the first terminal deviceon the basis of the signature and so can be sure that the identificationfor the first terminal device has actually been integrated by the firstterminal device into the data container or, as the case may be, thecontent object.

The first rights object preferably contains information indicatingwhether the user of the first terminal device will receive a premiumupon successful recommendation of the content object to another user.The first rights object further preferably contains a description of thepremium that the user of the first terminal device can receive. Thus,for example, the premium may be a credit on the user's (mobile radio)account or even content that can be used on the terminal device (e.g. apiece of music, an application, a game or an additional level of a game,possibly also in the form of an additional rights object).

In a preferred embodiment the first rights object contains the firstterminal device's identification, which the first terminal device addsto the content object prior to its transmission to the second terminaldevice.

In a development of the present invention the first rights objectcontains signaling information indicating whether one or moreidentifications of previous terminal devices already contained in thecontent object are to be replaced and/or added to. In this case thesignaling information can be a list consisting of separate elements orone element having a number of component parts. Said development enablespremiums to be individually adjusted to the respective recommendinguser. It is conceivable, for example, that only the originallyrecommending user ever receives a premium even if the recommendation ispassed on a number of times. Alternatively, the last recommending userin each case can be rewarded. A proportionate allocation of the premiumis also conceivable.

Furthermore the first rights object may contain information regardingconditions and/or restrictions linked to a premium, in particular aperiod of validity of the premium. For example, a premium may only beredeemed from a specific provider or the premium must be redeemed by theend of the next month.

In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention the rightsprovider transmits a confirmation for the granting of the premium to thefirst terminal device so that the user thereof can manage a premiumaccount.

According to a development of the present invention the second terminaldevice requests a content object matched to the characteristics of thesecond terminal device from the provider of the content objects. Not allmobile radio terminals have the same capabilities for using contentobjects. For example, only a first terminal device has a GPS (GlobalPositioning System) module for determining location and the secondterminal device cannot use a content object adapted thereto. In such acase the second terminal device can request a content object matched toits characteristics, for example an adapted content object based onanother location determining method. It is also conceivable that contentobjects are reduced in terms of their content to such an extent thatthey can be used by a particular mobile radio terminal. Toward that end,the receiving terminal device must signal to the provider of the contentobjects to indicate which content objects it can process.

The first and/or second terminal device further preferablydisplay/displays to their/its users content object information that isonly relevant with regard to the use of the content object. Internalinformation, that is to say information that is not relevant to the userwith regard to the decision on whether he or she wants to download acontent object is not displayed to him or her in this case.

In a development of the present invention a value referred to as a “hashvalue”, that is to say a kind of checksum or a signature for the DRMCand/or the content object, is calculated. In the event of a change inthe DRMC or, as the case may be, the content object—as is necessary inthe present invention in order to integrate the identification for theuser of the first terminal device—the hash value or the signature isaccordingly rendered invalid if the calculation of the value alsoincludes the change. In order to prevent this, the identification or, asthe case may be, the reference to the rights issuer into which anidentification is integrated and/or to which it is appended should beexcluded from the calculation. Accordingly, a hash value or a signatureshould be calculated only for the information object or for theinformation object and a part of the DRMC header field. In this case arecalculation of the hash value and/or the signature for the contentobject by the terminal device should be avoided.

The object addressed at the beginning is also achieved by a mobile radioterminal for use with the method according to the invention.

The method according to the invention consists of extensions to the DRMCsend operation described at the beginning, with the aim of enabling thecontent provider (IA) or, as the case may be, rights provider (RA) toidentify and assign a recommendation operation and on this basis toreward a recommending user A with a premium for the successfulrecommendation of a content object to user B.

With the present invention it is made possible by means of message flowand signaling for the rights provider to conclude, from thecommunication with the terminal device of user B (EG B), that therequest from EG B for a rights object is based on the recommendation ofthe DRMC or, as the case may be, DRMC* by EG A. The assignment is basedon an identification that a rights provider defines for a user or thatuniquely identifies a user (e.g. an e-mail address). The identificationis preferably generated by the rights provider and initially transmittedto user A. This also allows an identification which is uniquely assignedto the transaction and which can also be embodied in such a way that itdoes not disclose the identity of user A to third parties. Theidentification together with the content object is passed on by user Ato user B and transmitted in turn by the latter to the rights provider.The identification for user A can be transmitted by the rights providerto user A either integrated into the DRMC or integrated into the rightsobject or separately. Integration into the rights object is advantageousas this does not require the DRMC to be transmitted by the rightsprovider to EG A.

It is also conceivable for a content object integrated in a DRMC to beforwarded a number of times by different users or, as the case may be,their terminal devices. In order to create the same initial conditionsfor every user it therefore makes sense to integrate the informationnecessary to award a premium for a recommendation into the rightsobject, since the latter is delivered individually to each user. Onepossibility here is that only the last forwarding operation of the DRMC,that is to say the recommendation of the content object, is everrelevant for the assignment of a premium by a rights provider.Alternatively it is also possible to award a premium to the firstrecipient of a DRMC for all subsequent successful recommendationoperations or also to award a premium to some or all of the usersinvolved in a chain of recommendations.

An advantage of the method according to the invention is that anindividual premium can be fixed by the rights provider for eachforwarding/recommendation operation. This enables the premium to be madedependent on the recommending user, the time, the history of theforwarding of the content or, for example, on the type of content. It isalso possible to reward the last forwarding user in each case for eachforwarding operation. Alternatively, previous users can also be rewardedfor each forwarding operation. In addition, the premium can be displayedand described to the recommending user. It is also advantageous that theidentity of the recommending user can remain hidden from the user usingthe recommendation if the rights provider assigns the recommending usera unique identification from which a receiving user cannot deduce theidentity of the recommending users.

The invention is explained in more detail below with the aid of anexemplary embodiment and with reference to the attached drawings. Thefeatures presented therein and also the features already described inthe foregoing can be essential to the invention not only in the citedcombination but also individually or in other combinations. The figuresshow:

FIG. 1 the referencing of a content object from within a rights objectwith the “separate delivery” method;

FIG. 2 a message flow for the recommendation of a DRMC transmitted by EGA to EG B; and

FIG. 3 a message flow for the recommendation of a DRMC transmitted by EGA to EG B.

FIG. 1 has already been explained in the introduction to the descriptionso reference thereto is made here.

FIG. 2 shows as an exemplary embodiment a terminal device EG A of a userA, a terminal device EG B of a user B, a content provider IA and arights provider RA. A content object is transmitted in a DRM containerDRMC by the content provider IA to the terminal device EG A of user A(step 1). In this exemplary embodiment the DRMC corresponds to the DMRCshown in FIG. 1. Alternatively the DRMC may also have been transmittedto EG A by another terminal device. A rights object RO A is thentransmitted by the rights provider RA to the terminal device EG A (step2). As well as the known information it contains one or more of thefollowing elements:

-   a) signaling information indicating that user A can receive a    premium upon successful recommendation of the DRMC to other users;-   b) a description of the premium which user A can receive following a    successful recommendation;-   c) an identification which the terminal device of user A is to    integrate into the DRMC before the DRMC is forwarded to another    user, e.g. to user B;-   d) a description of possible conditions and/or restrictions that are    linked to a premium for a recommendation (e.g. a period of validity    or suchlike);-   e) signaling information indicating whether information according    to c) that is already present in the DRMC is to be replaced or added    to.

The terminal device EG A extracts said information from the rightsobject RO A and displays it either in full or in the form of extracts tothe user of the terminal device EG A. If user A opts for a forwardingor, as the case may be, recommendation of the content object, or else,independently thereof, the terminal device EG A integrates theidentification for user A into the DRMC, which consequently becomes theDRMC*. As confirmation of the authenticity of the identification EG Acan also sign the identification using the private key of the device.The signature can subsequently be checked by the rights provider RA toensure that the entered identification has also actually been insertedby the correct EG A. The DRMC is then transported from EG A to EG B(step 3). This can be effected for example using multimedia service MMS,e-mail, Bluetooth, infrared interface IrDA, memory card, cable orsuchlike. The terminal device EG B receives the DRMC* and offers user Bthe option to download a rights object RO B for the content objectcontained therein from the rights provider. If this is confirmed by userB, EG B uses the reference to the resource of the rights provider(“rights issuer”) and also the identification contained in the DRMC* foruser A in order to request a rights object RO B from the rights providerRA (step 4). This can be accomplished for example by appending theidentification in a defined manner to the reference (URL—UniformResource Locator) of the rights provider RA. The rights provider RA thusreceives the information regarding who has forwarded the DRMC* to user Band can assign the latter a premium. With this operation EG B canoptionally also display to user B the information that user A hasintegrated his or her identification in the DRMC* and that user A willreceive a premium if user B requests or downloads a rights object RO Bfrom the rights provider. An RO is then transmitted by the RA to theterminal device EG B (step 5).

It is also conceivable that the RA delivers a confirmation of thegranting of the premium to EG A and/or EG B (not shown in FIG. 2). ForEG B, this can be effected either integrated into the RO or separately.The terminal devices can display any notification received of thegranting of the premium to the user. The premium is intrinsicallyindependent of the DRM method.

The operation can then start over from the beginning. The DRMC (orDRMC*) is present on EG B. With the new rights object (RO B), up-to-datedata can again be transmitted for a potential next recommendationoperation by user B to EG B (signaling for a premium uponrecommendation, description of the premium and identification for EGB/user B, etc.). Step 6 accordingly shows a forwarding of the DRMC** toa further terminal device EG C.

The identification for EG B/user B can be integrated into the DRMC* byEG B either instead of the previous identification for EG A/user A or inaddition. This can be signaled in addition in the rights object.

As well as the exemplary embodiment described in the foregoing, namelyonly to download a matching rights object to EG B, it is also possibleto download a content object matched to the characteristics of EG B.This will be necessary if the content object in the DRMC* is not, or notoptimally, matched to the characteristics of EG B. EG B can ascertainthis initially by checking the description, contained in the DRMC*, ofthe properties of the content object. Alternatively the rights providerRA can also determine on the basis of the description, transmitted bythe terminal device EG B, of its characteristics that a different DRMCis better suited for EG B. As an alternative to requesting only therights object, as shown in FIG. 1, EG B can then additionally request amore suitable DRMC***. This operation is independent of the granting ofa premium.

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment with a corresponding message flowfor the recommendation of a DRMC transmitted by EG A to EG B. In thefigure, steps 1 to 4 correspond to steps 1 to 4 according to FIG. 2. Instep 5 a, however, in addition to the rights object RO B, a DRMcontainer DRMC*** containing a variant of the content object that isparticularly suitable for the terminal device EG B is transmitted by thecontent provider IA or, as the case may be, rights provider RA to theterminal device EG B.

As an alternative to the method described, a variant is also conceivablewherein the recommendation by EG A reaches EG B via the rights providerRA. For this purpose EG A must communicate the contact information of EGB to the RA, whereupon the RA sends a message or a DRMC to EG B, whichcommunication can be effected using, for example, WAP (WirelessApplication Protocol) push technology.

1-14. (canceled)
 15. A method for the premium-based recommendation of content objects that can be downloaded to a mobile radio terminal, comprising the method steps: send a first content object (DRMC) from a content provider (IA) to a first terminal device (EG A); send a first rights object (RO A) from a rights provider (RA) to the first terminal device (EG A); send the content object (DRMC*) together with an identification of the first terminal device (EG A) from the first terminal device (EG A) to the second terminal device (EG B); and request a second rights object (RO B) from the rights provider (RA) by the second terminal device (EG B), with the second rights object (RO B) enabling the second terminal device (EG B) to use the content object, and with the identification of the first terminal device (EG A) being communicated to the rights provider (RA) and the latter thereupon being able to assign a premium to the first terminal device (EG A).
 16. The method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that a reference to the rights provider (RA) is additionally transmitted to the second terminal device (EG B) together with the content object (DRMC*).
 17. The method as claimed in claim 15, characterized in that the supplemented identification for the first terminal device (EG A) or the reference to the rights provider with integrated identification for the first terminal device (EG A) is signed with a private key of the first terminal device (EG A).
 18. The method as claimed in claim 15, characterized in that the first terminal device (EG A) signs the identification received from the rights provider in the rights object using its private key and integrates the signature into a data container or, as the case may be, into the content object.
 19. The method as claimed in claim 15, characterized in that the first rights object (RO A) contains information indicating whether the user of the first terminal device (EG A) will receive a premium upon successful recommendation of the content object (DRMC) to another user.
 20. The method as claimed in claim 15, characterized in that the first rights object (RO A) contains a description of the premium that the user of the first terminal device (EG A) can receive.
 21. The method as claimed in claim 15, characterized in that the first rights object (RO A) contains the identification of the first terminal device (EG A), which identification the first terminal device (EG A) adds to the content object (DRMC) prior to sending said object to the second terminal device (EG B).
 22. The method as claimed in claim 15, characterized in that the first rights object (RO A) contains signaling information indicating whether one or more identifications of previous terminal devices already contained in the content object (DRMC) are to be replaced and/or added to.
 23. The method as claimed in claim 15, characterized in that the first rights object (RO A) contains information regarding conditions and/or restrictions linked to a premium, in particular a period of validity of the premium.
 24. The method as claimed in claim 15, characterized in that the rights provider (RA) transmits a confirmation of the granting of the premium to the first terminal device (EG A).
 25. The method as claimed in claim 15, characterized in that the second terminal device (EG B) requests a content object (DRMC***) matched to the characteristics of the second terminal device from the provider (IA) of the content objects.
 26. The method as claimed in claim 15, characterized in that the first and/or the second terminal device (EG A, EG B) displays to their/its users content object information that is only relevant with regard to the use of the content object.
 27. The method as claimed in claim 15, characterized in that the rights provider (RA) establishes on the basis of a description, transmitted by the second terminal device (EG B), of the characteristics of the second terminal device (EG B) that a further content object (DRMC***) is more suitable for the second terminal device (EG B) and transmits said further content object to the second terminal device (EG B).
 28. A first terminal device for use with a method as claimed in claim 15, comprising means for receiving a first content object (DRMC) from a content provider (IA) by the first terminal device (EG A); means for receiving a first rights object (RO A) from a rights provider (RA) by the first-terminal device (EG A); and means for sending the content object (DRMC*) together with an identification of the first terminal device (EG A) from the first terminal device (EG A) to a second terminal device (EG B).
 29. A second terminal device for use with a method as claimed claim 15, comprising means for requesting a second rights object (RO B) from a rights provider (RA) by the second terminal device (EG B), wherein the second rights object (RO B) enables the second terminal device (EG B) to use a content object (DRMC*) that was sent to it together with an identification of a first terminal device (EG A).
 30. A method for recommending content objects, comprising the method steps: send a first content object, (DRMC) from a terminal device to a first terminal device (EG A); send a rights object (RO A) from a rights provider (RA) to the first terminal device (EG A), with the first rights object (RO A) enabling the first terminal device (EG A) to use the content object; send the content object (DRMC*) together with an identification of the first terminal device (EG A) from the first terminal device (EG A) to a second terminal device (EG B); and request a second rights object (RO B) from the rights provider (RA) by the second terminal device (EG B), with the second rights object (RO B) enabling the second terminal device (EG B) to use the content object, and with the identification of the first terminal device (EG A) being communicated to the rights provider (RA) in order to enable the rights provider to assign the recommendation operation relating to the content object to the first terminal device.
 31. The method as claimed in claim 30, wherein the rights provider assigns a premium to the first terminal device (EG A) in response to the communication of the identification of the first terminal device (EG A).
 32. The method as claimed in claim 30, wherein the first rights object (RO A) contains the identification of the first terminal device (EG A).
 33. The method as claimed in claim 32, wherein the identification of the first terminal device (EG A) is extracted from the first rights object (RO A).
 34. The method as claimed in claim 33, wherein the first terminal device (EG A) integrates the extracted identification of the first terminal device (EG A) into the content object.
 35. The method as claimed in claim 34, wherein, during the integration of the identification of the first terminal device (EG A) into the content object, an identification already contained in the content object is replaced by the identification of the first terminal device (EG A).
 36. The method as claimed in claim 30, wherein the rights provider (RA) transmits the requested second rights object (RO_B) together with the identification of the second terminal device (EG A) to the second terminal device (EG B).
 37. The method as claimed in claim 36, wherein the second terminal device (EG B) extracts the identification of the second terminal device (EG A) from the second rights object, integrates it in the content object in place of the identification of the first terminal device (EG A) and forwards it to a third terminal device (EG C).
 38. A terminal device for use with a method as claimed in claim
 30. 